Related Documents Bimetallic Strips Heat and bending of bimetallic strips. The coefficient. where k is a constant 8. The Bend allowance is the dimensional amount added to a part through elongation during the bending process. works across most material types. 0. Nominal K-Factor: 8. A component's thickness affects the constraint conditions at the tip of a crack with thin components having plane stress conditions and thick components having. 20% for various metals, is popular among engineers. Where, Hf = Pressure loss or head loss. 1 A36 Steel 3/8” less than 50 53. 4 mm. ) Tightening Torque Clamp Load (lbs. Electrical Resistivity 4 μohm/cm. 64 x 19. HIGH QUALITY STAINLESS STEEL FABRICATION. This article summarizes the thermal conductivity of stainless steel 304 and 316 at various temperatures in annealed condition, also other stainless steel grades. 16. Fill in the. 8 Bare Steel with Guide Point; DIN 7984-8. This chart is for reference only – you should always verify your process for better results. 1 ft (foot) = 0. The lockwasher serves as a spring while the bolt is being tightened. 1) K 8. 166: S-440-X: 4-40. In materials science, fracture toughness is the critical stress intensity factor of a sharp crack where propagation of the crack suddenly becomes rapid and unlimited. 20: Zinc-Plated: 0. Includes additional data and reference information carefully selected and adapted. . 40. Specifically, the k-factor value is the neutral axis’ new position after bending, marked “t” in Figure 1, divided by the material thickness (k-factor = t/Mt). 2. Lawrence Convention Center, Pittsburgh (2003) 26. However, this steel can be cold. 003 - 0. . The recommended binder pressure for round draws of low-carbon draw-quality steel is 600 pounds per lineal inch around the post (draw post diameter x 3. 882 kcal/h m 2 o C - Unit Converter; Note that these coefficients are very rough. in feet of straight pipe). Absolute Roughness for Common Materials. You will need to obtain the friction factor (f) from the Moody chart or use a suitable equation depending on the flow conditions. The bending tool has a radius of 30 mm which means that our Inside Bend Radius (R) is 30 mm. 6)We are going to review three bending scenarios with three different bending angles; 60, 90 and 120, and we will calculate K-Factor, Bend Allowance and Bend Deduction for them. Its carbon content is ≤0. Thermal conductivity coefficients for insulation materials, aluminum, asphalt, brass, copper, steel, gases and more. 4162 C3 (Medium) Coastal areas with low deposits of saltLinear thermal expansion coefficients of metals including aluminum, steel, bronze, iron, brass, copper, gold, silver, invar, magnesium, nickel, titanium and zinc are given in the following thermal expansion coefficients chart. R-values are additive. The deduction is 1. 16. S-N Curve / Woehler Curve. static, impending slip. Importance of the K-factor in sheet metal design. become more important for the design of cold-formed stainless steel structural members. 1 lists ferrous and nonferrous metalRelated Resources: materials Specific Heat Capacity of Metals Table Chart. r = relative roughness. 301 stainless steel is an austenitic grade that can be supplied in various hardness and strengths. The heat transfer coefficient is the proportionality coefficient between the heat flux and the thermodynamic driving force for the flow of heat (i. PENDENT APPROVALS/LISTINGS SIN V2801 V4201 V2708 V3406 Nominal K Factor Imperial 2. 115 0. 2 (16. 4301/1. Sheet Metal Bend Allowance Chart (PDF) Sheet Metal Bend Allowance Chart (Excel) BEND ALLOWANCE; 8 Gauge: 10 Gauge: 12 Gauge: 14 Gauge: 16 Gauge: 18 Gauge: 20 Gauge: 22 Gauge: 24 Gauge: K factor: 0. Calculation of spring force at a given length is travel s * R. 5 just mentioned. 15%, and the minimum chromium content is only 1% less than 304. i use inventor and have now got astoundingly accurate components to these k factors. L = Length of the coil or pipe. 2% Offset Strength in 2 in. The bend allowance describes the length of the neutral axis between the bend lines, or in other words, the arc length of the bend. Thermal Expansion of Steel. Carbon steel in a broader sense sometimes. The K-Factor is used to calculate both the position of the Neutral Axis and the amount of material that must be removed in order to achieve the desired flat pattern. 16. 4 77. It is recommended for parts that cannot be annealed after welding in certain corrosive environments. Above all, it becomes essential to make sure that you’re shopping for it from an eligible fabricator. 5 for standard materials and thicknesses though smaller and larger K-Factors are possible. The value of μ s is generally higher than the value of μ k for a given combination of materials. Multiply the volume with density to get the 12 mm steel weight:300 K vacuum vessels but care must be taken that breaks. 77 Material Iron metal Steel Steel r. K factor synonyms, K factor pronunciation, K factor translation, English dictionary definition of K factor. 550 is well-suited for most maintenance needs. Steel: 90: 110 – Galvanized iron: 120: 120: Polyethylene: 140: 140: Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 150: 150: Fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP) 150: 150:Sheet Metal Gauge Chart. 0. Stainless Steel: Water: 120: 680: 1 Btu/ft 2 hr o F = 5. 5. The tool can be used for any flow type. 4. The effective length (K) factor of a member in compression is dependent on the support conditions at each end. 4 in3/min. K-Factor - used for engineering programs, such as Pro-E. Bending aluminium is even more complex, since aluminium is less ductile than steel. 012". For example, 9T10A1004 changes to 9T10S1004. Land Width: 0. K-factor (aeronautics), the number of pulses expected for every one volumetric unit of fluid passing through a given flow meter. 5 = 2. Alloy 409 is a general purpose, chromium, titanium stabilized, ferritic stainless steel whose primary application is automotive exhaust systems. (5-6 mm) thick material Note: Because thinner gauges of stainless steel are generally used, the force required to shear stainless steel for a given part is often comparable to the force needed to shear a similar part made of thicker carbon steel. 2 W/m·K at 100 °C (9. 44 psi/100ft = 9. The higher the R-value, the greater the insulating effectiveness. stainless steel end of the tube at 1600°F (871°C) and exits the 5% chromium steel end of the tube at 800°F (427°C). Step-2: Enter K factor values. How to link the K-Factor and Sheet Metal Rule Style being used to the drawing. 1 mm) and 24 mass% Cr-content stainless steel (24CrSS, t = 0. The reason being that it takes the wear rate, the applied load, and the hardness of the wear pin into account. For TMT steel bars, it is 7850 kg/m3. Seat: Copper UNS-C11000 and Stainless Steel UNS-S30400 Belleville Spring Sealing Assembly: Nickel Alloy, coated on both sides with PTFE Tape Compression Screw: Stainless Steel. However, steel-containing structures decay due to corrosion, destroying. Below is a discussion of several 316 stainless steel characteristics:Find the linear expansion coefficient for steel: 12. The specific heat is the amount of heat energy per unit mass required to raise the temperature by one degree Celsius. Let’s start with 90 degrees bend which is the most simple. r = k / d h = (0. 004 : 0. Includes additional data and reference information carefully. 0 K-factor Stain - less Steel Pendent Sprinkler cannot be installed in a recess pendent arrangement. Swagelok Tube Fittings Up to 1 in . 11 to 0. 81. 098 0. Hazen-Williams Friction Factor (C) Pipe Material Values for C Range High/Low Average Value Typical Design Value Plastic, PVC, Polyethylene pipe or tubing 160/150 150-155 150 Cement or mastic lined iron or steel pipe 160/130 148 140 Copper, brass, lead, tin or glass pipe or tubing 150/120 140 130 Wood Stave 145/110 120 110Use of alloy 2507 super duplex stainless steel at temperatures above 482°F (250°C) causes microstructural changes that lead to embrittlement and loss of corrosion resistance. Material Iron metal Steel Stainless steel kg 6. The bolt plating material is usually the limiting factor on maximum service temperature. Stainless steel 1kg = 6. K = nut factor. 15CO 2 eq. 10 -6 ·K -1 = 10 -6 /K. , New York) it is the equivalent of the bend allowance and serves the same function. 20 Ecoguard K = 0. Stainless steel 304 has good resistance to oxidation in intermittent service up to 870°C and in continuous service to 925°C. M Faires). 5% is ideal. Various K Factors: Typical Steel Bolt: 0. 85. Note: TYCO series TY-L 8. 33: K factor:. 64-Rubber (60 A Belt). (5-6 mm) thick material Note: Because thinner gauges of stainless steel are generally used, the force required to shear stainless steel for a given part is often comparable to the force needed to shear a similar part made of thicker carbon steel. 0015 : 0. The density of stainless steel 304 is 7. Although, reliable sources (mentioned at the reference section) has been used for compiling the above COF table but still the values shown are approximate only. Steel Grades; Steel Pipes; Cast Iron; Ductile Iron; Polyethylene Plastic; Polyurethane Plastic; Stainless Steel. KC Curve Factor (MC) The MC constant indicates how KC varies as the chip thickness gets further away from the normalized point of 1 mm. For molded ceramic fiber products and packed or tightly packed insulation, losses will be lower than values shown. 1 For K-Factor when pressure is measured in bar, multiply S. A common name for 304 stainless is 18/8. Please note that because of the variation in roughness in these materials depending on the source, the roughness values reported here have uncertainties ranging from ± 20 % for new wrought Iron to ± 70 % for riveted steel. AISI 304 is also commonly known as 18/8 steel as it contains 18% chromium and 8% nickel. relieved thermally or mechanically. . The effect of this minimum level creates a chromium oxide layer on the surface, which is a self-healing oxygen barrier that stops further oxidation. 00 Energy Electricity Country Canada kWh 10%0. 316 Stainless Steel Offers excellent corrosion resistance, even more than 18-8 stainless steel. 446 × 0. Features a 3/4 inch NPT (20 mm BSPT) thread size and 8. 3 applications in excess of the 500psi (34. 0 K Factor) Technical Data Sheet. Material. Nature of the grain boundary and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) The grain boundary energy in type 304 stainless steel is known ( Murr 1975) to vary from 20 to 835 mJ/m 2. Ideal to use in areas with high exposer to. Data Tables Table 2. So if the thickness of the sheet was a distance of T = 1 mm and the location of the neutral axis was a distance of t = 0. 304 Stainless Steel 7/16” 74. . Response. 6 k-factor 1/2 inch npt sprinklers figure 2 poly-stainless series ty-frb quick response upright (ty3131) and pendent (ty3231) 5. Carbon and Mild Steel. Relative roughness - the ratio between absolute roughness an pipe or duct diameter - is important when calculating pressure loss in ducts or pipes with the Colebrook Equation . Turbine Wheel (Double-Flow) Meter. Stainless Steel Sheet Metal Gauge Table. A slenderness ratio greater than. 17 8. But when you see an actual air-formed part, the. Steel pipe with other pipe wall thick-nesses are permitted to be used when the pipe is specially listed. M 12, with starting torque Ma = 62Nm and heat treatment at 540°C 1,004°F), 21hr, bolt material: no. k = 0. SI unit: W/m·K or W/m·°C; Imperial unit: Btu/ft·h·°F; Thermal Conductivity of Stainless Steel. Bolting torque to develop 50% Bolt Yield Stress at Nut Factor, K=0. Then under Bend Allowance section select this new custom. Thermal Conductivity - k - is the quantity of heat transmitted due to an unit temperature gradient, in unit time under steady conditions in a direction normal to a surface of the unit area. Hazen-Williams coefficients are used in the Hazen-Williams equation calculate friction loss in ducts and pipes. The “K” factor is a power constant that represents the number of cubic inches of metal per minute that can be removed by one horsepower. Canvas belt, woven, on steel. 80, [7] a melting range of 1300–1350 °C, an electrical conductivity of approximately 34% IACS , and (in the annealed state) a hardness of 65 Rockwell B. This table combines the bend allowance and bend deduction table so you can specify gauge values. To help you begin I’ve included a K-Factor Chart below which contains common K-Factor starting points, good for general fabrication, for steel, aluminum and stainless steel. The friction coefficient value changes not only with material but also with the position and. The K-factor is used to calculate flat patterns because it is related to how much material is stretched during bending. The FTB4800 provides a wide range flow metering in a stainless steel package. Bend allowance chart for SPCC (mild steel) 2. Overview. Finish. Also, it does not account for the temperature or viscosity of the water. 33 K factor 0. Insert the convective heat transfer coefficient for inner surface, h i = 10 W/m 2 ⋅ K. 000013 : Commercial steel (enamel coated) We are going to review three bending scenarios with three different bending angles; 60, 90 and 120, and we will calculate K-Factor, Bend Allowance and Bend Deduction for them. Next we simply need to choose the specified gauge of 10. Finding stainless steel materials in the Total Materia database. Fn for stainless steel spring steel is approx. The Y-factor is set at 0. 1 ~ 1. The best single-volume reference on the metallurgy, selection, processing, performance, and evaluation of stainless steels, incorporating essential information culled from across the ASM Handbook series. ) representing the length change per degree per unit length, e. CTE 15. Processing may include polishing, or the applying of protective plastics which will decrease or increase a sheet’s thickness respectively. Stainless Steel, type 316 (17 Cr - 12 Ni - 2 Mo) 16: Stainless Steel, type 304 (18 Cr - 8 Ni) 16: Titanium: 19: Thermal Conductivity - Unit Converter; Metals and their Melting Temperatures; Sponsored Links Related Topics Thermodynamics Work, heat and energy systems. 2 in. Stainless Steel 316 . R = Inside Bend Radius; A = Bending Angle; T = Sheet Thickness; K = Value of K-Factor. It is defined as the fraction of energy being emitted relative to that emitted by a thermally black surface (a black body). For the completely rough regime, the value of Β' is equal a constant. The S-N curve indicates the sum of the load changes that can be endured until a material is fractured. The most important factor in what type of heat transfer is possible is the maximum ambient temperature at the enclosure location and the maximum temperature inside the enclosure. 8 (242 metric*) nominal K-Factor and special deflector, this sprinkler produces large, high-momentum water droplets in a hemispheric pattern below the deflector. The K factor. When compensating for Spring Back in materials such as stainless steel Coining is typically not the best option unless you are working with thin gauges. Friction loss and velocity diagrams - in imperial (psi/100 ft, ft/s) and SI (Pa/100m, m/s) units. When pressure is measured in kPa, divide the metric K-factor shown by 10. 2 m2. Stainless Steel 90 D: Gasket, Flange, Fastener as a System. Our emphasis is on steel, iron alloys and materials related to steelmaking and the processing of steel, such as refractories and slags. Stainless steel grade 430 is a non-hardenable steel containing straight chromium, and belongs to the ferritic group of steels. 01 (m) and Reynolds number Re = 10 7 - the relative rougness can be calculated as. Thermal insulance has the units [ (m 2 . Stainless steel roof: • S30400 stainless steel • Measuring: 280 × 96m • Sheathed with 23,000m2 of 0. Cold Working. W. The coefficient of static friction for steel is around 0. However, the washer is normally flat by. 04 Type of Fitting K Value Disk or Wobble Meter 3. This article discusses the properties and applications of stainless steel grade 304 (UNS S30400). Although, measurement variations by an order of 10-1 have been observed, the. 35 K = 0. The. This article discusses the properties and applications of stainless steel grade 304 (UNS S30400). 5) K 11. 17 K = 0. F1FR40 Standard Spray Sprinkler. This is also called the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor, resistance coefficient, or simply friction factor. 79. 15 K = 0. e. Common values for metals and alloys are in the range of 10 to 30×10 –6 /K (5. To help you begin I’ve included a K-Factor Chart below which contains common K-Factor starting points, good for general fabrication, for steel, aluminum and stainless steel. Riveted steel (new) 0. For instance, 304 stainless steel forms a radius 20 to 22 percent of the die width, while a radius in 5052-H32 aluminum forms at 13 to 15 percent of the width. 5. For example, the percentage can be anything from 20% to 22% for 304 stainless steel but is often between 13% and 15% for H-series soft aluminium. 16: Miscellaneous Data: Applied Load: Tensile: kg?Carbon Footprint of Steel Per Kg. Sustainable building with Stainless steel - The David L. [Stainless steel 735] 26. An average and commonly used value for the K-factor is 0. (K-factor). In our case, we will use the table for ALUMINUM-INCH. Portuguese / português. I. 15 : Parent topic: Engineer’s Reference. C. 1 \text { mm} 2. NPT sprinkler joint should be obtained with a torque of Conductive Heat Transfer through a Stainless Steel Pot Wall with thickness 2 mm - temperature difference 80 o C. Therefore, the bend allowance added to the flange lengths is equal to the total flat length. The tool can calculate the required bending force for bending aluminum, stainless steel, mild steel, and Weldox® or Strenx® high-strength steels. K-Factor Bend Table. g = Universal Gravitational constant. 09–0. ANTI-SEIZE Stainless is a nickel-free anti-seize paste specifically designed for stainless steel, nimonic and silver-coated fasteners, particularly those subjected to high temperatures for long periods in the aerospace, automotive and power generation industries. The density of stainless steel 304 is 7. 0 K-factor (K115) varieties and three temperature ratings, including 280 F (137. Virgin steel 1kg = 3. The thermal conductivity of steel is measured at approximately 45 W/ (mK), which is extremely low compared to copper and aluminum that exhibit a thermal conductivity value of 398 W/ (mK) and 235 W/ (mK) respectively. 1 mm and bend radius as 1 \text { mm} 1 mm. Base part number is shown. 125. 6 8. Here is how you can calculate this answer: Find the volume (in m3) of the 12 mm steel rod using the cylinder volume formula: V = π⋅d2⋅l/4 = π⋅ (12×10-3)2⋅12/4 = 1. This K-factor is applied as an average value for most bend allowance calculations. The Y and K-Factors affect how the part stretches when transitioning from a flat pattern to a finished. Hot working of grade 330 stainless steel can be performed at 1149 to 1177°C (2100 to 2150°F). k = 0. 17 found in seemingly identical fasteners here results in a substantial clamp load variation. BD = (2 x OSSB) – BA. Silver Fern Stainless is a Victoria-based business specializing in the highest quality stainless steel and aluminum. 33 in practical use and at my shop they use as small as 0. Therefore it is important to have the value correct in CAD software. 0. 17 . Under the relatively light load of 0. The K-factor for stainless steel (AISI 316) is indeed smaller than the value for AISI 304 small. It determines how much the material will stretch when it is bent. Learn more about carbide inserts Cutting-Edge Geometry Parameters. 304 Stainless Steel 7/16” 74. Notes:. K-Factors for TX series flow meters are valid ONLY for meters purchased after January 1, 2011. 45 – 0. Here we need to discuss: Non-Lubricated Bolts (a. 50 in practical use. Below 10. For structural steel A36, the limits for the slenderness ratio are: For short columns: 40 ≤ (KL/r) For intermediate columns. INSTRUCTIONS: Choose units and enter the following: (`B`) Bend Angle (`IR`) Inside Radius (`BA`) Bend Allowance (`MT`) Material Thickness K Factor (K): The calculator returns the answer as a decimal. 26 (304/316. View Product. [/su_accordion] The Darcy friction factor is a dimensionless quantity used in the Darcy–Weisbach equation, for the description of frictional losses in pipe or duct as well as for open-channel flow. 4 Btu/ft·h·°F at 212 °F), yield. As a result, carbon steel, which contains little chromium, is harder, but. 5–1° whereas the same thickness sheet with a ±68 mm bend radius can have springback as much as 30°. MIL-PRF-907F; Service. 86-Rubber (60 A Belt). Connection Size. /°F or mm/mm/°C. Thermal conductivity 3 W. Effect of low-temperature on mechanical behavior for an AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel. 15 K = 0. 5% chromium. Due to the addition of Molybdenum (Mo), SS 316 has a great improvement in corrosion resistance and certain properties compared to SS304. For 2 or 3 inches Insulation: multiply by 0. A typical uncertainty in the roughness values can be assumed to be in the range ± − 30 -50 %. To work the following formula, you need to convert the inside bend radius and material thickness measurements from inches to millimeters. For steel members, a slenderness ratio below 50 can be considered “short”. Stainless steel is the term used to describe a versatile family of engineering materials, which are selected primarily for their corrosion and heat resistant properties. Transition: 5 < u*ε/ν ≤ 70. 8 Steel BZP 0. 33 K factor 0. 29CO 2 eq. Austenite-martensitic steel, also known as austenitic-maraging stainless steel, is. What is Carbon Steel? Consisting mainly of iron and up to 2. Steel Hex Locknut Steel Hex Flange Nut Grade C FNL Grade 9 Grade F Grade G Clamp Load (lbs. So what is the perfect K Factor for the Mild Steel and Stainless Steel? The “K” factor variation ranging from 0. Calculate Thermal Pipe Expansion. The K-factor is simply the tangent of half the bend angle. 3 Thermal Conductivity. Pipe Entrance Inward Projecting 0. A K-Factor will typically range between 0 and . 3 in. 072-in. The baseline material factor (1. By continuing to browse this site you agree to our use of cookies. Drawn Brass, Copper, Stainless Steel (New) >0. 10/19 schedule 40 steel pipes. 2 and 0. 93 1. f = Friction Factor. The conductive heat transport through the layered wall can be calculated asGage Factor 2. factor in service. Pipe Size. 0. This factor determines which of two high-temperature strength properties should be given priority; creep or creep-rupture (sometimes called stress-. 067 B a r. HD MV Nozzle is UL Listed, FM Approved, and also carries Lloyds Type Approval. In a part, click Insert > Sheet Metal > Bend Table > New. 0) Pendent; Concealed Pendent;316 Stainless Steel, Steel, Brass and Monel® Alloy 400 construction Inline and angle patterns Wide variety of US Customary and SI ports Panel mountable 100% factory tested Optional color coded handles Specifications Pressure Ratings: 316 Stainless Steel: 5000 psig (345 bar) CWP Brass, Steel and Monel® Alloy 400: 3000 psig (207 bar) CWPNote 4: NFPA 13 requires that steel pipe used in a sprinkler or a standpipe system be either Schedule 10 or Schedule 40 pipe. 4301). 2 4. General Instructions A leak tight 1/2 in. 5% chromium and no more than 1. VK338, VK339 - Microfast QR Stainless Steel Sprinklers (K5. 0: 6. 5 just mentioned. 72 *10-6/K 16. For exact calculations - always check manufacturing data. 141). This specification covers chromium, chromium-nickel, and chromium-manganese-nickel stainless steel plate, sheet, and strip for pressure vessels and for basic. 8 4. table - i : material of construction table - ii : approval data k-factor spray angle model & approvals mv-a brass, without strainer mv-as brass, with strainer mv-b stainlessAISI Type 316 Stainless Steel, annealed sheet. 5% chromium and usually nickel, and may also contain other elements, such as carbon, to obtain the desired properties. Sheet Metal Bending Calculator. Stainless steel components extend the life of the sprinkler by resisting corrosion from cleaning agents used in commercial food production environments. a K Factor of 2. 8 Square Head; Low Head Socket Cap Screws. The capacity factor is determined through experience and for each application it is influenced by the type and style of mist eliminator, the relative geometry of mist eliminator to vapor flow, as well as process considerations such as operating pressure, fluid viscosities and liquid surface tension. Mathematically bend allowance during Sheet metal bending can be calculated as per the following formula. How do you calculate the k-factor for different kinds of steel (or materials)? Say I have a stainless steel AISI 316L and a hot rolled steel S235 JR, will they have the same k-factor for similar plate thickness and bend angle? So we bend a lot of mild steel. 14 8. 15 r/d=0. Useful Tables 1033 Table A–16 Approximate Stress-Concentration Factor Kt for Bending of a Round Bar or Tube with a Transverse Round Hole Source: R. Fluid Velocity: 3 m/s: Fluid Density: 1000 kg/m 3: Friction Factor: 0. 75 degrees of springback. , Thermal Conductivity and Electrical Resistivity Standard Reference Materials: Austentic Stainless Steel, SRM 735 and 798, From 4 to 1200 K, NBS Special Publication 260-46, 1975. The higher the K factor, the more the support conditions hurt the member’s resistance to buckling, and vice versa. R. 67 @ 200ºF. Assume a. It contains 11% chromium which is the minimum amount for the formation of the passive surface film which gives stainless steels their corrosion resistance. 062). 81 m/s 2] The value of the friction factor is dependent on the Reynolds number, the shape of the pipe, and the roughness of the pipe walls. /in. The coefficient of friction between mating threads. The linear thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) is dependent on the material from which an object is made. tR = tF + 459. The inside depth of a dimple should be no more than the inside radius. 04 0. AISI 316 Stainless Steel (UNS S31600) AISI 316 stainless steel (UNS S31600) is the second most commonly used austenitic stainless steel. The three roughness regimes are as follows: Dynamically smooth: 0 ≤ u*ε/ν ≤ 5. 4 - 10 Rotary Meter (Star or Cog. Wrench. In determining horsepower consumption, “K” factors must be used. It is used in applications with an operating range of -65° to +2,400°F (-54°C to. 04.